Then the barrage had and strengthened throughout the East and West Germany border. The division of Germany thus lasted until 1989. Prerequisites After the war, the victorious countries divided Germany and Berlin into four occupation zones. City operated four-allied commandant, consisting of representatives of the USSR, USA, France and the UK. Allies on their territory and proclaimed the complete demilitarization of the disarmament, to stop the military industry, the abolition of Nazi laws and trial of war criminals. The economic situation in the western part of Germany after the war was a much better situation in the east, which was destroyed, and more. Since 1948, it was launched and the Marshall Plan. In January 1947 came into force the British-American agreement on the establishment of a common economic space. Then, the Allies abolished the old-fashioned money. The Soviet administration has tightened control on the line of demarcation in Berlin as early as March 31, 1948. Since then, all employees of military establishments and their families with the British, French and American citizenship had to present a passport for check-ups and other documents. In June 1948, on Stalin's orders had blocked access to the western sectors of Berlin. A 24 June the blockade of West Berlin, which lasted 462 days and ended May 12, 1949. Food and livelihood brought by so-called "air bridge", organized by the United Kingdom and the United States. The pilots flew more than 277 000 flights, as pointed out in his book, "No one will be" the East German political scientist and journalist Dietmar Shultke, the average is 600 takeoffs and landings a day. Difficulties crop starts and cost the lives of 78 pilots. The result of the processes within the union territories of Germany became allies and building Trizonii. Twenty-fourth in May 1949 entered into force on the constitution of a new state – the Federal Republic of Germany. In August 1949, elections were held in the Bundestag – the parliament of Germany, on 20 September of that year, the government has been formed in West Germany. The first Chancellor of Germany became one of the founders of the Christian Democratic Union Konrad Adenauer. Now this party led Chancellor Angela Merkel. The second state – the German Democratic Republic – was established, in fact, a month – GDR constitution adopted October 7, 1949. Within the country grew and the already severe economic crisis. From the GDR went qualified professionals, entrepreneurs, and peasants. The government's decision to increase rates 10% of production under the old salary provoked a protest response. C mnadtsatogo June 1953 in Berlin hosted a major strike – about 30 thousand workers stopped construction on the street Shtalinallee (Stalin Allee). Now street called Karl Marx avenue, a broad avenue in the east of the city, reminiscent of Moscow Kutuzov, on both sides of which are "Stalin" at home. With one crisis followed next, as the GDR government embarked on the destruction of private enterprise, forcing the artisans and merchants to join in the partnership. Performance of the East German industry at that time was approximately 30% lower than the West. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Germany in 1996, the number of refugees from Soviet territory in 1949 amounted to 129 000 of 245 people in 1950 – 197 000 788 people. The numbers fluctuated, but remained dynamic, and in total, from 1949 to 1961, East Germany left the 2.738 million 562 people. The situation has changed dramatically since 1961. In 1961, the GDR legally abandoned 5000 315. Escape flew about 70 thousand people. Results for the lifetime of the border fence republic left about 620 thousand people. In a letter to the Secretary General of the Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev in 1961, secretary general of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany (SED), Walter Ulbricht, listed the following reasons for the "special difficulties in the economy of the GDR and reduce output growth below the seven-year plan targets": the debts of the republic, lack of raw materials, "a tremendous lack of operating forces, "high consumption, the cost of conversion. The first number in the list, however, should be "effect (the economy) open borders." Start of construction at the time of construction of the wall crossing the border every day about 500 thousand Berliners. From the station Friedrichstrasse, every day should have about 285 trains, which transported about 50 thousand passengers. More than 50 thousand inhabitants of the eastern sector of the city to work in the west, about 12 thousand inhabitants of the western regions – the east. 20-30% of the West Berlin university lived in the east. In the strictest secrecy on August 1 from different parts of the GDR in Berlin on the trucks began to bring their tens of thousands of concrete pillars, hundreds of thousands of tons of barbed wire and other materials. Part of the wire for a temporary fence purchased in Germany. Thirteenth in August 1961 at 1.11 news agency ADN GDRs issued a statement Governments who signed the Warsaw Pact, in which governments "called" to protect citizens of the GDR border with West Berlin. Then the agency issued a statement on the GDR Council of Ministers, which said the introduction of border controls to prevent"Enemy of revenge and militaristic forces of West Germany." At 02.15 on a Berlin street workers began to dismantle the asphalt and installing fences. 04.45 K were closed 45 of 60 existing transitions to the west, after an hour shut down all 60. People in train stations reported that the trains to the west will no longer go. The construction of the so-called "Anti-Fascist barricades» – Antifaschistischer Schutzwall. After August 13, 1961 residents of West Berlin were not able to work in the east and vice versa. Only since 1963 has been introduced the procedure for issuing permits. In August 1961, the number of refugees has fallen from 47 000 433 people up to 2 thousand 420 people in December. Design details known to the world – the Berlin Wall is only a piece fence, concrete wall that ran along the outer edge of West Berlin. The design of the inner city limits, passing along the boundaries of districts of Berlin and known as the Berlin Wall, was more complicated. Concrete posts and barbed wire of the summer of 1961, were put temporarily. Soon they were replaced by brick walls and small concrete blocks and barbed wire on top. They were replaced in 1965 came to a wall "third generation" of concrete blocks. Then, the border was rebuilt and improved. From a simple barrier wall has become now a defensive fortification. As a result of the demolition of houses border, through which people escape, jumping out of windows and digging tunnels, has been released for a wide expanse of architectural thought. Improved since 1966 the border was, according to historians, the first systematic planned complex consolidation period divided Berlin. It amounted to a few barrage lines, signaling the fence. Along the border, for that matter, and immediately after the division of Germany's allies, were laid mines. According to the border schemes, by 1961 the territory of East Berlin held a metal fence. Parallel to a short distance should have barbed wire. Behind this fence have been exposed to the ranks of anti-urchins, followed by the lighting system and observation towers stood. Between the towers and the wall, facing west, were a way for military truck convoys and on foot, so-called "control band", and boom car.
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